The environmental challenges of water scarcity and pollution in Iraq and the Kurdistan Region (KRG) are complex issues intertwined with geopolitical tensions, governmental neglect, and societal factors. Water contamination from sources like sewage and industrial waste poses significant health risks, exacerbated by upstream conflicts with Iran and Turkey. Despite the urgent need for effective environmental governance, efforts have been hindered by economic crises, government inaction, and low public awareness. Distrust among citizens and between governments further complicates efforts to address these challenges. Urgent action is needed to prioritize environmental education, strengthen governance, and foster cooperation to safeguard public health and ecosystem integrity.